Mongolia

Landlocked between Russia to the north and China to the south, Mongolia occupies the heart of Central Asia. Its capital, Ulaanbaatar, holds roughly half the national population of around 3.4 million. The official language is Mongolian, written in the Cyrillic script domestically, and the currency is the Mongolian tögrög (MNT). The country's cultural identity is shaped by nomadism, horsemanship, and the legacy of the vast Mongol Empire.

Citizens of many countries — including members of the EU, the United States, and several Asian nations — can enter Mongolia visa-free for stays typically up to 30 or 90 days. Nationals who do require a visa can apply through Mongolia's e-Visa portal. Requirements and eligible nationalities change periodically, so consulting the nearest Mongolian embassy or the official immigration authority before travel is advisable.

The Gobi Desert in the south spans vast gravel plains and iconic sand dunes at Khongoryn Els, some reaching 300 metres. The Orkhon Valley, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, holds ruins of the ancient Mongol capital Karakorum. Terelj National Park, just east of Ulaanbaatar, offers granite rock formations and accessible steppe scenery. The Flaming Cliffs of Bayanzag yielded some of the world's first confirmed dinosaur eggs. Khövsgöl Lake in the north holds roughly two percent of the world's fresh surface water.

Mongolia has an extreme continental climate with very low humidity. Summers (June–August) bring temperatures of 20–35 °C on the steppe, while winters are severe, regularly dropping to −20 °C or colder, with Ulaanbaatar ranking among the world's coldest capitals. The best time to visit is late June through early September. Mountain regions in the north are cooler year-round. Layering is essential even in summer, as nights drop sharply.

• World's most sparsely populated sovereign nation by density.
• Genghis Khan founded history's largest contiguous land empire.
• Traditional ger dwellings remain primary housing for nomadic families.
• The Naadam Festival has been practised for over eight centuries.
• Mongolia has no sea access, relying on neighbours for all maritime trade.

• visaservice.mn — official Mongolian e-Visa application portal
• mfa.gov.mn — Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia
• mongoliatourism.gov.mn — National Tourism Organisation of Mongolia
• icc.gov.mn — Immigration Agency of Mongolia