Libya

Libya occupies roughly 1.76 million km² in North Africa, bordered by Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Algeria, and Tunisia, with a long Mediterranean coastline to the north. Tripoli is the capital and largest city; Arabic is the official language and the Libyan dinar the currency. The country's identity is shaped by its Berber and Arab heritage, its role as a crossroads of trans-Saharan trade, and one of the world's largest proven oil reserves.

Libya maintains strict entry controls, and visa-free or visa-on-arrival access is not available to most nationalities. Travellers generally require a visa obtained through a Libyan embassy or consulate in advance. Given ongoing security conditions, many governments advise against all travel, and entry requirements can change with little notice. Always verify current requirements with official sources before planning travel.

Leptis Magna, near the town of Al Khums, is among the best-preserved Roman cities in the world, its amphitheatre and basilica still largely intact. Sabratha features a striking Roman theatre overlooking the Mediterranean. The old city of Ghadames, a UNESCO-listed desert settlement, is notable for its whitewashed covered walkways built to shade inhabitants from the heat. The Akakus Mountains in the southwest contain prehistoric rock art spanning thousands of years. The Green Mountain region around Cyrene offers Greek and Roman ruins in a markedly cooler landscape.

Libya's coast has a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers typically reaching 30–38 °C and mild winters around 10–15 °C. The interior is hyper-arid desert: summer temperatures routinely exceed 40 °C, dropping sharply at night in winter to near or below 5 °C. The ghibli, a hot southern wind, can raise dust and temperatures dramatically in spring. The most temperate period along the coast runs from October through March. Pack sun protection and layers for desert travel at any time of year.

• Home to one of the world's largest oil reserves.
• Leptis Magna birthplace of Emperor Septimius Severus.
• Sahara covers approximately 90 percent of Libyan territory.
• Ghadames old city has been UNESCO-listed since 1986.
• Libya recorded Earth's highest air temperature in 1922.

• noc.ly — National Oil Corporation of Libya, official energy authority
• ly — Libya's country-code domain registry reference
• met.gov.ly — Libyan Meteorological Centre, official weather and climate data